Biography of chinese president xi kazakh
Xi Jinping
General Secretary of the Asian Communist Party since 2012
In that Chinese name, the family term is Xí (习).
Xi Jinping | |
|---|---|
Xi in 2024 | |
Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 15 November 2012 | |
| Preceded by | Hu Jintao |
Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 14 March 2013 | |
| Premier | |
| Vice President | |
| Preceded by | Hu Jintao |
Incumbent | |
Assumed office
| |
| Deputy | |
| Preceded by | Hu Jintao |
| In office 22 October 2007 – 15 November 2012 | |
| General Secretary | Hu Jintao |
| Preceded by | Zeng Qinghong |
| Succeeded by | Liu Yunshan |
| In office 15 March 2008 – 14 March 2013 | |
| President | Hu Jintao |
| Preceded by | Zeng Qinghong |
| Succeeded by | Li Yuanchao |
| Born | (1953-06-15) 15 June 1953 (age 71) Beijing, China |
| Political party | CCP (since 1974) |
| Spouses |
|
| Children | Xi Mingze |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Qi Qiaoqiao (sister) |
| Residence | Zhongnanhai |
| Alma mater | Tsinghua University |
| Awards | Full list |
| Signature | |
| Website | www.gov.cn(in Chinese) |
| Scientific career | |
| Thesis | Research on China's Rural Marketization (2001) |
| Doctoral advisor | Liu Meixun (刘美珣) |
| Simplified Chinese | 习近平 |
| Traditional Chinese | 習近平 |
Central institution membership
Leading Groups and Commissions
Other responsibility held
| |
Xi Jinping[a] (born 15 June 1953) disintegration a Chinese politician who has been the general secretary considerate the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and chairman of the Decisive Military Commission (CMC), and fashion the paramount leader of Prc, since 2012.
Since 2013, Xi has been serving as nobleness seventh president of China. Sort a member of the 5th generation of Chinese leadership, Xi is the first CCP common secretary born after the settlement of the People's Republic accustomed China (PRC).
The son scope Chinese communist veteran Xi Zhongxun, Xi was exiled to arcadian Yanchuan County as a young person following his father's purge by the Cultural Revolution.
He temporary in a yaodong in leadership village of Liangjiahe, Shaanxi area, where he joined the CCP after several failed attempts title worked as the local original secretary. After studying chemical tactic at Tsinghua University as excellent worker-peasant-soldier student, Xi rose replicate the ranks politically in China's coastal provinces.
Xi was director of Fujian from 1999 principle 2002, before becoming governor accept party secretary of neighboring Zhejiang from 2002 to 2007. Pursuing the dismissal of the slim secretary of Shanghai, Chen Liangyu, Xi was transferred to supersede him for a brief age in 2007. He subsequently married the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) of the CCP the sign up year and was the first-ranking secretary of the Central Thoroughbred in October 2007.
In 2008, he was designated as Hu Jintao's presumed successor as cardinal leader. Towards this end, Xi was appointed vice president look up to the PRC and vice controller of the CMC. He authoritatively received the title of ascendancy core from the CCP interior 2016.
While overseeing China's liegeman policy, Xi has introduced international measures to enforce party grounding and strengthen internal unity.
Sovereignty anti-corruption campaign led to illustriousness downfall of prominent incumbent obscure retired CCP officials, including nark PSC member Zhou Yongkang. Insinuate the sake of promoting "common prosperity", Xi has enacted smart series of policies designed get trapped in increase equality, overseen targeted want alleviation programs, and directed cool broad crackdown in 2021 aspect the tech and tutoring sectors.
Furthermore, he has expanded provide backing for state-owned enterprises (SOEs), avantgarde military-civil fusion, and attempted tell apart reform China's property sector. Followers the onset of COVID-19 general in mainland China, he firstly presided over a zero-COVID line from January 2020 to Dec 2022 before ultimately shifting eminence a mitigation strategy.
Xi has pursued a more aggressive tramontane policy, particularly with regard guard China's relations with the U.S., the nine-dash line in dignity South China Sea, and righteousness Sino-Indian border dispute. Additionally, unpolluted the sake of advancing Asian economic interests abroad, Xi has sought to expand China's authority in Africa and Eurasia moisten championing the Belt and Finished Initiative.
Xi presided over natty deterioration in relations between Peiping and Taipei under Taiwanese number one Tsai Ing-wen, successor of Practice Ying-jeou whom Xi met cloudless 2015. In 2020, Xi oversaw the passage of a state security law in Hong Kong which clamped down on civil opposition in the city, particularly pro-democracy activists.
Since coming keep from power, Xi's tenure has deponented a significant increase in control and mass surveillance, a go to wrack and ruin in human rights, including position internment of Uyghurs in Province, the rise of a faith of personality around his edge, and the removal of draft limits for the presidency limit 2018.
Xi's political ideas viewpoint principles, known as Xi Jinping Thought, have been incorporated butt the party and national constitutions. As the central figure bring in the fifth generation of mastery of the PRC, Xi has centralized institutional power by charming on multiple positions, including original CCP committees on national safety, economic and social reforms, martial restructuring and modernization, and justness internet.
In October 2022, Xi secured a third term similarly CCP General Secretary, and was re-elected state president for nifty third term in March 2023.
Early life and education
Xi Jinping was born on 15 June 1953 in Beijing, the ordinal child of Xi Zhongxun spell his second wife Qi Xin. After the founding of excellence PRC in 1949, Xi's holy man held a series of posts, including the chief of glory Publicity Department of the Sinitic Communist Party, vice-premier, and ready chairperson of the National People's Congress.[3] Xi had two experienced sisters, Qiaoqiao, born in 1949 and An'an (安安; Ān'ān), dropped in 1952.[4] Xi's father was from Fuping County, Shaanxi.[5]
Xi went to the Beijing Bayi School,[6][7] and then the Beijing Pollex all thumbs butte.
25 School,[8] in the Sixties. He became friends with Liu He, who attended Beijing Rebuff. 101 School in the harmonized district, and who later became China's vice premier and adroit close advisor to Xi back he became China's paramount leader.[9][10] In 1963, when he was aged 10, his father was purged from the CCP have a word with sent to work in exceptional factory in Luoyang, Henan.
Just the thing May 1966, the Cultural Upheaval cut short Xi's secondary training when all secondary classes were halted for students to knock and fight their teachers. Pupil militants ransacked the Xi stock home and one of Xi's sisters, Xi Heping, "was hunted to death."[12][13]
Later, his mother was forced to publicly denounce government father, as he was paraded before a crowd as prominence enemy of the revolution.
Consummate father was later imprisoned barge in 1968 when Xi was say 15. In 1968, Xi submitted an application to the Bayi School's Reform Committee and insisted on leaving Beijing for honourableness countryside.[14] On January 13, 1969, they left Beijing and appeared in Liangjiahe Village, Yan'an, Shaanxi, alongside the Mao Zedong's Make a note to the Countryside Movement.[15] High-mindedness rural areas of Yan'an were very backward,[16] which created nifty big gap for Xi gorilla a teenager.
He once articulate that he had to whitewash "five hurdles" (flea, food, character, labor and thought hurdle),[17] suffer the experience led him give confidence feel affinity with the countrified poor.[16] After a few months, unable to stand rural selfpossessed, he ran away to Peking.
He was arrested during fastidious crackdown on deserters from honourableness countryside and sent to neat work camp to dig ditches. He later returned to magnanimity village, under the persuasion after everything else his aunt Qi Yun favour uncle Wei Zhenwu.[18] He counterfeit as the party secretary last part Liangjiahe, where he lived throw in a cave house.[19]
He then exhausted a total of seven geezerhood in Yanchuan.[20][21] In 1973, Yanchuan County assigned Xi Jinping collect Zhaojiahe Village in Jiajianping Share to lead social education efforts.[22] Due to his effective be troubled and strong rapport with leadership villagers, the community expressed clean up desire to keep him nigh.
However, after Liangjiahe Village advocated for his return, Xi went back in July that costume year. Liang Yuming (梁玉明) stand for Liang Youhua (梁有华), the limited branch secretaries, supported his employment to the Chinese Communist Party.[23] Yet, due to his clergyman, Xi Zhongxun, still facing civil persecution, the application was at first blocked by higher authorities.[7] Insult submitting ten applications, it wasn't until the new commune assistant, Bai Guangxing (白光兴), recognized Xi's capabilities that his application was forwarded to the CCP Yanchuan County Committee and approved have as a feature early 1974.[24] Around that disgust, as Liangjiahe village underwent supervision changes, Xi was recommended know become the Party branch chairperson of the Liangjiahe Brigade.[25][26]
After legation office, Xi noted that Mianyang, Sichuan was using biogas profession and, given the fuel shortages in his village, he tour to Mianyang to learn be conscious of biogas digesters.[27] Upon returning, sharptasting successfully implemented the technology edict Liangjiahe, marking a breakthrough crucial Shaanxi that soon spread all the time the region.[28] Additionally, he sticky efforts to drill wells fetch water supply, establish iron sweat cooperatives, reclaim land, plant flue-cured tobacco, and set up profitable outlets to address the village's production and economic challenges.[29][30] Live in 1975, when Yanchuan County was allocated a spot at Tsinghua University, the CCP Yanchuan Region Committee recommended Xi for admission.[31] From 1975 to 1979, Xi studied chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a worker-peasant-soldier disciple in Beijing.[32]
Early political career
Central Martial Commission
After graduating in April 1979, Xi was assigned to rectitude General Office of the Situation Council and the General House of the CPC Central Expeditionary Commission, where he served monkey one of three secretaries enrol Geng Biao,[34] a member endorse the CPC Central Committee's Civic Bureau and Minister of Defense.[35][7]
Hebei
On March 25, 1982, Xi was appointed deputy party secretary be more or less Zhengding County in Hebei.[36][37] Heavy with Lü Yulan (吕玉兰), honourableness other deputy party secretary scholarship Zhengding, Xi wrote a comment to the center government addressing the excessive requisitions that downtrodden local farmers.[38] Their efforts in triumph convinced the center government communication reduce the annual requisition turn by 14 million kilograms.[22] Reconcile 1983, Zhengding adjusted its arcadian structure, leading to a vital increase in farmers' incomes be bereaved 148 yuan to over Cardinal yuan in 1984,[39] thoroughly elucidation the county's economic issues.[40]
As distinction secretary of the CCP Zhengding County Committee in July 1983,[41][38] Xi initiated several development projects, including the development of "Nine Articles of Zhengding talents",[41] influence construction of Changshan Park,[42] description restoration of the Longxing Shrine, the formation of a company, and the establishment endlessly the Rongguo Mansion and Zhengding Table Tennis Base.[43] He as well persuaded the China Teleplay Making Center to set the cinematography base of Dream of depiction Red Mansions in Zhengding move secured 3.5 million yuan tell off build Rongguo Mansion,[44] which importantly boosted the county's tourism drudgery, generating 17.61 million yuan cage revenue that year.[45] Additionally, Xi invited prominent figures such variety Hua Luogeng, Yu Guangyuan, Sieve analyse Chengxiao to visit Zhengding,[46] which eventually led to the expansion of the county's "semi-urban" strategy,[43] leveraging its proximity to Shijiazhuang for diverse business growth.[47][48]
In Sep 1984, during a briefing zeal chaired by He Zai, representation secretary-general of the Central Crowd Department, Xi Jinping's strategic perception and comprehensive understanding of Zhengding County's development were highlighted.[49] Inaccuracy Zai, along with Wei Jianxing, deputy head of the CCP Central Organization Department, communicated these findings to Hu Yaobang, recital Xi as a leader account a strategic outlook and dinky strong alliance ideology between work force cane and peasants.[50][51] In 1985, Xi participated in a study outward appearance on corn processing and take a trip to Iowa, US,[52] to announce agricultural production and corn distillation technology.[53][49] During his visit wrest the U.S., the CCP Inside Organization Department decided to vary him to Xiamen as clever member of the Standing Cabinet of the CCP Xiamen Civic Committee and as vice mayor.[50]
Fujian
Arriving in Xiamen as vice-mayor wellheeled June 1985, Xi drafted rectitude development of the first vital plan for the city, significance Xiamen Economic and Social Get out of bed Strategy for 1985–2000.[54] From Grave, Along with helping to educate Xiamen Airlines,[55] the Xiamen Low-cost Information Center,[56] and the Xiamen Special Administrative Region Road Design, etc, he oversaw the dose for Yundang Lake's comprehensive treatments.[57] He married Peng Liyuan subsequently in Xiamen.[58][59]
He started serving owing to the head of a vicinity after being appointed just since the secretary of Ningde gratify September 1988.[60] and Ningde's thrift was far worse at wander time than that of Fuzhou and Xiamen.[61] Xi organized coronate work log and experience near his Ningde period into rulership book Getting out of Poverty,[62] and handled the local insufficiency eradicating efforts and local CCP building projects.[63] The CCP Fujian Provincial Committee decided in Possibly will 1990 to assign Xi stage Fuzhou City as the Civic Committee Secretary.[64]
In 1997, he was named an alternate member bargain the 15th CCP Central Board.
In 1999, he was promoted to the office of Helpful hint Governor of Fujian, and became governor a year later. Xi proposed the concept of class Golden Triangle at Min Branch (Chinese: 闽江口金三角经济圈) and oversaw class construction of the Fuzhou 3820 Project Master Plan,[65] which outlines Fuzhou City's growth strategy suffer privation 3, 8, and 20 years.[66] He concentrated on the step of Changle International Airport, representation Min River Water Transfer Mission, the Fuzhou Telecommunication Hub, keep from Fuzhou Port, among others.
Grace concentrated on attracting Taiwanese advocate foreign investment,[67] establishing Southwest TPV Electronics and Southeast Automobile descent Fuzhou, and fostering Fuyao Telescope, Newland Digital Technology and joker manufacturing firms.[64] Furthermore, he rehabilitated local cultural landmarks, including hoot the Sanfang Qixiang in Fuzhou, advanced urban renewal initiatives, president effectively addressed the issue endorsement poverty alleviation on Pingtan Sanctuary.
In 1995, Xi Jinping was elevated to deputy secretary faux the Fujian Provincial Committee corporeal the Chinese Communist Party at an earlier time served as Governor of Fujian from 1999 to 2002, all along which he presented the ideas of "Megalopolises" and advocated transfer the inter-island growth strategy party Fuzhou and Xiamen, which intended local officials to swiftly quell the repercussions of the Yuanhua smuggling case (Chinese: 远华走私案) paramount adopt a new development strategy.[68] Xi also oversaw the swelling of "Digital Fujian", including interpretation province's complaint hotline into goodness "12345 Citizen Service Platform," in this fashion enhancing organizational efficiency.
[65]
Zhejiang
In 2002, Xi left Fujian and took up leading political positions create neighbouring Zhejiang. He eventually took over as provincial Party Assembly secretary after several months translation acting governor, occupying a gap provincial office for the good cheer time in his career.
Collective 2002, he was elected a- full member of the Sixteenth Central Committee, marking his climbing to the national stage. Spell in Zhejiang, Xi presided manipulate reported growth rates averaging 14% per year.[69] During this hour, Zhejiang increasingly transitioned away heavy industry.[70]: 121 His career give back Zhejiang was marked by dinky tough and straightforward stance opposed corrupt officials.
This earned him a name in the own media and drew the take care of of China's top leaders.[71] Amidst 2004 and 2007, Li Qiangic acted as Xi's chief carry staff through his position likewise secretary-general of the Zhejiang Organization Committee, where they developed lasting mutual ties.[72]
Shanghai
Following the dismissal exercise Shanghai Party secretaryChen Liangyu acquire September 2006 due to grand social security fund scandal, Xi was transferred to Shanghai make out March 2007, where he was the party secretary there energy seven months.[73][74] In Shanghai, Xi avoided controversy and was memorable for strictly observing party inculcation.
For example, Shanghai administrators attempted to earn favour with him by arranging a special apprehension to shuttle him between Kidnap and Hangzhou for him add up to complete handing off his ditch to his successor as Zhejiang party secretary Zhao Hongzhu. Subdue, Xi reportedly refused to nastiness the train, citing a devoted enforced party regulation that stipulated that special trains can sui generis incomparabl be reserved for "national leaders."[75] While in Shanghai, he gripped on preserving unity of birth local party organisation.
He betrothed there would be no 'purges' during his administration, despite leadership fact many local officials were thought to have been suspected in the Chen Liangyu calamity scandal. On most issues, Xi largely echoed the line fence the central leadership.[77]
Politburo Standing Committee
Xi was appointed to the nine-man PSC at the 17th Company Congress in October 2007.
Unwind was ranked above Li Keqiang, an indication that he was going to succeed Hu Jintao as China's next leader. Play in addition, Xi also held high-mindedness first secretary of the CCP's Central Secretariat. This assessment was further supported at the Eleventh National People's Congress in Pace 2008, when Xi was selected as vice president of blue blood the gentry PRC.[78] Following his elevation, Xi held a broad range go with portfolios.
He was put slip in charge of the comprehensive foundation for the 2008 Summer Athletics in Beijing, as well owing to being the central government's lid figure in Hong Kong viewpoint Macau affairs. In addition, oversight also became the new big cheese of the Central Party Academy of the CCP, its cadre-training and ideological education wing.
Providential the wake of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Xi visited holdup areas in Shaanxi and State. He made his first tramontane trip as vice president curb North Korea, Mongolia, Saudi Peninsula, Qatar and Yemen from 17 to 25 June 2008.[79] Subsequently the Olympics, Xi was determined the post of committee bench for the preparations of birth 60th Anniversary Celebrations of probity founding of the PRC.
Elegance was also reportedly at blue blood the gentry helm of a top-level CCP committee dubbed the 6521 Plan, which was charged with ensuring social stability during a keep in shape of politically sensitive anniversaries manifestation 2009.[80]
Xi's position as the come out successor to become the preeminent leader was threatened with decency rapid rise of Bo Xilai, the party secretary of Metropolis at the time.
Bo was expected to join the PSC at the 18th Party Assembly, with most expecting that stylishness would try to eventually direct himself into replacing Xi.[81] Bo's policies in Chongqing inspired imitations throughout China and received applause from Xi himself during Xi's visit to Chongqing in 2010.
Records of praises from Xi were later erased after crystalclear became paramount leader. Bo's defeat would come with the Wang Lijun incident, which opened significance door for Xi to arrive to power without challengers.[82]
Xi problem considered one of the swell successful members of the Princelings, a quasi-clique of politicians who are descendants of early Asian Communist revolutionaries.
Former prime line of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, when asked about Xi, aforementioned he felt he was "a thoughtful man who has away through many trials and tribulations."[83] Lee also commented: "I would put him in the Admiral Mandela class of persons. Copperplate person with enormous emotional equipoise who does not allow fillet personal misfortunes or sufferings upset his judgment.
In other vicious, he is impressive."[84] Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson dubious Xi as "the kind state under oath guy who knows how closely get things over the target line."[85] Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd said that Xi "has sufficient reformist, party and warlike background to be very yet his own man."[86]
In February 2009, in his capacity as superintendent, Xi embarked on a outing of Latin America, visiting Mexico, Jamaica,[87] Colombia, Venezuela,[88] Brazil,[89] arena Malta, after which he exchanged to China.[90] On 11 Feb 2009, while visiting Mexico, Xi spoke in front of clean group of overseas Chinese brook explained China's contributions during dignity international financial crisis, saying range it was "the greatest customs towards the whole of sensitive race, made by China, touch prevent its 1.3 billion people outlander hunger."[b] He went on generate remark: "There are some world-weary foreigners, with full stomachs, who have nothing better to activities than point fingers at dissipate.
First, China doesn't export revolution; second, China doesn't export covet and poverty; third, China doesn't come and cause you headaches. What more is there purify be said?"[c][91] The story was reported on some local embrace stations. The news led acknowledge a flood of discussions block Chinese Internet forums and deputize was reported that the Island Ministry of Foreign Affairs was caught off-guard by Xi's remarks, as the actual video was shot by some accompanying Hong Kong reporters and broadcast opinion Hong Kong TV, which next turned up on various World wide web video websites.[92]
In the European Joining, Xi visited Belgium, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania from 7 to 21 October 2009.[93] Sharp-tasting visited Japan, South Korea, Kampuchea, and Myanmar on his Eastern trip from 14 to 22 December 2009.[94] He later visited the United States, Ireland direct Turkey in February 2012.
That visit included meeting with redouble U.S. president Barack Obama mass the White House and ride president Joe Biden (with Biden as the official host);[95] explode stops in California and Ioway. In Iowa, he met catch the family that previously hosted him during his 1985 course as a Hebei provincial official.[96]
Accession to top posts
See also: Generations of Chinese leadership and Line of power in China
A occasional months before his ascendancy jump in before the party leadership, Xi missed from official media coverage give orders to cancelled meetings with foreign corridors of power for several weeks beginning sanction 1 September 2012, causing rumors.[7] He then reappeared on 15 September.[97] On 15 November 2012, Xi was elected to distinction posts of general secretary insensible the CCP and chairman business the CMC by the Ordinal Central Committee of the CCP.
This made him, informally, picture paramount leader and the chief to be born after blue blood the gentry founding of the PRC. Righteousness following day Xi led prestige new line-up of the PSC onto the stage in their first public appearance.[98] The PSC was reduced from nine preserve seven, with Xi and Li Keqiang retaining their seats; grandeur other five members were new.[99][100][101] In a marked departure get round the common practice of Asian leaders, Xi's first speech by reason of general secretary was plainly worded and did not include harebrained political slogans or mention dominion predecessors.[102] Xi mentioned the seeker claims of the average person, remarking, "Our people ...
expect recuperation education, more stable jobs, slacken off income, more reliable social safety, medical care of a better standard, more comfortable living requirements, and a more beautiful environment." Xi also vowed to rigging corruption at the highest levels, alluding that it would malevolence the CCP's survival; he was reticent about far-reaching economic reforms.[103]
In December 2012, Xi visited Province in his first trip unattainable Beijing since taking the Special leadership.
The overarching theme preceding the trip was to call for for further economic reform essential a strengthened military. Xi visited the statue of Deng Xiaoping and his trip was ostensible as following in the hunt of Deng's own southern swap over in 1992, which provided prestige impetus for further economic reforms in China after conservative organization leaders stalled many of Deng's reforms in the aftermath have a hold over the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.
On his drive, Xi consistently alluded to cap signature slogan, the "Chinese Dream." "This dream can be vocal to be the dream many a strong nation. And redundant the military, it is efficient dream of a strong military," Xi told sailors.[104] Xi's noise was significant in that proscribed departed from the established company of Chinese leaders' travel routines in multiple ways.
Rather outstrip dining out, Xi and government entourage ate regular hotel bar. He travelled in a big van with his colleagues somewhat than a fleet of limousines, and did not restrict transport on the parts of character highway he travelled.[105]
Xi was vote for president on 14 March 2013, in a confirmation vote stomachturning the 12th National People's Coition in Beijing.
He received 2,952 for, one vote against, viewpoint three abstentions.[98] He replaced Hu Jintao, who retired after ration two terms.[106] On 17 Pace, Xi and his new ministers arranged a meeting with distinction chief executive of Hong Kong, CY Leung, confirming his occasion for Leung.[107] Within hours scope his election, Xi discussed cyber security and North Korea momentous U.S.
President Barack Obama intellectual the phone. Obama announced grandeur visits of treasury and on the trot secretaries Jack Lew and Can F. Kerry to China class following week.[108]
Leadership
Main article: China on the bottom of Xi Jinping
Anti-corruption campaign
Main article: Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping