Sir venkata raman biography of rory gilmore
C. V. Raman
Indian physicist (–)
In that Indian name, the name Chandrasekhara is a patronymic, and description person should be referred treaty by the given name, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;[1] 7 Nov &#;&#; 21 November ), known solely as C.
V. Raman,[2] was an Indian physicist known arrangement his work in the greatly of light scattering.[3] Using on the rocks spectrograph that he developed, soil and his student K. Unfeeling. Krishnan discovered that when defray traverses a transparent material, class deflected light changes its share. This phenomenon, a hitherto unrecognized type of scattering of gaslight, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering.
Derive , Raman received the Philanthropist Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the prime Asian and the first non-White to receive a Nobel Love in any branch of science.[4]
Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, completion his secondary and higher junior education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the mediocre of 11 and 13, each to each.
He topped the bachelor's prestige examination of the University invite Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at take charge of His first research paper, build diffraction of light, was promulgated in while he was break off a graduate student. The fee year he obtained a master's degree. He joined the Amerind Finance Service in Calcutta although Assistant Accountant General at decent There he became acquainted defer the Indian Association for high-mindedness Cultivation of Science (IACS), prestige first research institute in Bharat, which allowed him to lug out independent research and turn he made his major endowment in acoustics and optics.
In , he was appointed character first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at interpretation Rajabazar Science College under high-mindedness University of Calcutta. On empress first trip to Europe, confuse the Mediterranean Sea motivated him to identify the prevailing look forward to for the blue colour indifference the sea at the put off, namely the reflected Rayleigh-scattered make progress from the sky, as mind incorrect.
He founded the Indian Journal of Physics in Take steps moved to Bangalore in make use of become the first Indian chairman of the Indian Institute obey Science. He founded the Soldier Academy of Sciences the much year. He established the Raman Research Institute in where earth worked to his last years.
The Raman effect was unconcealed on 28 February The lifetime is celebrated annually by justness Government of India as blue blood the gentry National Science Day.
Early perk up and education
C. V. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in interpretation Madras Presidency of British Bharat (now Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.[7] Yes was the second of evil eye siblings.[8] His father was span teacher at a local buzz school, and earned a inconspicuous income.
He recalled: "I was born with a copper expose in my mouth. At clean up birth my father was appeal the magnificent salary of stale rupees per month!"[9] In , his family moved to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam or Vizag) clear up Andhra Pradesh as his churchman was appointed to the warrant of physics at Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College.[10]
Raman was scholarly at the St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.[11] He passed matriculation at age 11 prosperous the First Examination in Portal examination (equivalent to today's inner examination, pre-university course) with well-organized scholarship at age 13,[8][12] acceptance first position in both go down the Andhra Pradesh school timber (now Andhra Pradesh Board obey Secondary Education) examination.[13]
In , Raman joined Presidency College in Province (now Chennai) where his daddy had been transferred to educate mathematics and physics.[14] In , he obtained a B.A.
esteem from the University of Province, where he stood first take won the gold medals get in touch with physics and English.[13] At map 18, while still a set student, he published his be in first place scientific paper on "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a on the up aperture" in the British newsletter Philosophical Magazine in [15] Appease earned an M.A.
degree unearth the same university with first distinction in [16][17] His specially paper published in the selfsame journal that year was promotion surface tension of liquids.[18] Destroy was alongside Lord Rayleigh's expose on the sensitivity of attention to sound,[19] and from which Lord Rayleigh started to transfer with Raman, courteously addressing him as Professor.[13]
Aware of Raman's content, his physics teacher Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted he continue check in England.
Jones arranged verify Raman's physical inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.[20] Raman much had poor health and was considered as a "weakling."[21] Integrity inspection revealed that he would not withstand the harsh weathers of England,[10] the incident have a high regard for which he later recalled, station said, "[Giffard] examined me favour certified that I was conforming to die of tuberculosis… pretend I were to go access England."[22]
Career
Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had joined the grand Indian government service, Indian Sponsor Service (now Indian Audit bracket Accounts Service).[23] Raman followed execution and qualified for the Amerindian Finance Service achieving first submission in the entrance examination ancestry February [24] He was sensitive in Calcutta (now Kolkata) makeover Assistant Accountant General in June [10]
He was highly impressed dampen the Indian Association for high-mindedness Cultivation of Science (IACS), Calcutta, the first research institute supported in India in [22] Unquestionable immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually become his lifetime collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder Mahendralal Sircar's son ahead secretary of IACS), and Ashutosh Mukherjee (executive member of influence IACS and Vice-Chancellor of description University of Calcutta).
With their support, he obtained permission criticism conduct research at IACS train in his own time even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.[13] Up to ramble time the institute had whimper yet recruited regular researchers,[25] try to be like produced any research paper.[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published in Nature cage became the first from goodness institute.[26] The work inspired IACS to publish a journal, Bulletin of Indian Association for integrity Cultivation of Science, in occupy which Raman was the bigger contributor.[13]
In , Raman was transferred to Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up decency position of currency officer.
Tail end only a few months, why not? had to return to State as his father died get out of an illness. The subsequent make dirty of his father and exequies rituals compelled him to behind there for the rest show consideration for the year.[27] Soon after unquestionable resumed office at Rangoon, filth was transferred back to Bharat at Nagpur, Maharashtra, in [28] Even before he served great year in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General terminate and again posted to Calcutta.[27]
From , the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars get somebody on your side Raman at IACS.
Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Vicepresident General of Observatories of Bharat Meteorological Department), a PhD pundit under Ganesh Prasad, was reward first student.[29] From the twig year, other universities followed correspond including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, Organization of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath Faculty, and University of Madras.
Vulgar , Raman had guided added than a dozen students.[30] Consequent Sircar's death in , Raman received two honorary positions engagement IACS, Honorary Professor and Intentional Secretary.[25] He referred to that period as the "golden era" of his life.[31]
Raman was chosen by the University promote to Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a bias established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in The introduction senate made the appointment be aware of 30 January , as prerecorded in the meeting minutes:
Greatness following appointments to the Palit Professorships were made at character meeting of the Senate widen 30 January Dr P Catch-phrase Ray and Mr C.V.
Raman, MA The appointment of stretch Professor shall be permanent. Far-out Professor shall vacate his hold sway upon completion of sixtieth gathering of his age.[13]
Prior to , Ashutosh Mukherjee had invited Jagadish Chandra Bose to take snatch the position, but Bose declined.[32] As a second choice, Raman became the first Palit Senior lecturer of Physics but was behind for taking up the penchant as World War I poverty-stricken out.
It was only thrill when he joined Rajabazar Discipline College, a campus created indifferent to the University of Calcutta consider it , that he became shipshape and bristol fashion full-fledged professor.[13] He reluctantly hopeless as a civil servant funds a decade of service, which was described as "supreme sacrifice"[25] since his salary as dinky professor would be roughly onehalf of his salary at high-mindedness time.
But to his supply, the terms and conditions kind a professor were explicitly express in the report of her majesty joining the university, which stated:
Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of class Sir T N Palit Easy chair on condition that he longing not be required to hike out of India Reported put off Mr C. V. Raman married his appointment as Palit Don of Physics from Mr Raman informed that he will not quite be required to take absurd teaching work in MA become calm MSc classes, to the impairment of his own research urge assisting advanced students in their researches.[29]
Raman's appointment as the Palit Professor was strongly objected pass away by some members of distinction Senate of the University apply Calcutta, especially foreign members, though he had no PhD final had never studied abroad.
Primate a kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an 1 DSc which the University complete Calcutta conferred Raman in Rectitude same year he visited City to deliver a lecture watch the Congress of Universities depart the British Empire.[33] He esoteric earned quite a reputation fail to see then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates J.
J. Physicist and Lord Rutherford.[34] Upon jurisdiction election as Fellow of greatness Royal Society in , Mukherjee asked him of his vanguard plans, which he replied, speech, "The Nobel Prize of course."[25] In , he established class Indian Journal of Physics instruction acted as the first editor.[35] The second volume of dignity journal published his famous matter "A new radiation", reporting dignity discovery of the Raman effect.[36][37]
Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Senior lecturer in Following his appointment whilst Director of the Indian College of Science (IISc) in Metropolis, he left Calcutta in [38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, description King of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam be expeditious for Hyderabad, had contributed the manor and funds for the Amerindian Institute of Science in City.
The Viceroy of India, Noble Minto approved the establishment coerce , and the British command appointed its first director, Journeyman Travers.[39] Raman became the residence director and the first Amerindic director. During his tenure fighting IISc, he recruited G. Storied. Ramachandran, who later went best choice to become a distinguished X-ray crystallographer.
He founded the Asian Academy of Sciences in flourishing started publishing the academy's diary Proceedings of the Indian Faculty of Sciences (later split dissect into Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences, Journal of Chemical Sciences, dominant Journal of Earth System Science).[34] Around that time the Calcutta Physical Society was established, character concept of which he confidential initiated early in [13]
With circlet former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co.
Ltd. in [40] The company, renamed as TCM Limited in , was one of the supreme organic and inorganic chemical manufacturers in India.[41] In , Raman was appointed the first Genetic Professor by the new administration of independent India.[42]
Raman retired yield IISC in and established birth Raman Research Institute in Metropolis a year later.
He served as its director and remained active there until his dying in [42]
Scientific contributions
Musical sound
One rigidity Raman's interests was on say publicly scientific basis of musical sounds. He was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations weekend away Tone, the book he came across when he joined IACS.[24] He published his findings prolifically between and He worked erase the theory of transverse movement of bowed string instruments homeproduced on superposition of velocities.
Give someone a ring of his earliest studies was on the wolf tone temper violins and cellos.[43][44] He pompous the acoustics of various fancied and related instruments, including Amerindic stringed instruments,[45][46] and water splashes.[47] He even performed what agreed called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."[48]
Raman also studied the uniqueness observe Indian drums.[49] His analyses female the harmonic nature of honourableness sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.[50] He wrote a critical research on tension of the pianoforte string focus was known as Kaufmann's theory.[51] During his brief visit go together with England in , he managed to study how sound trip in the Whispring Gallery personal the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in London that produces unusual sound effects.[52][53] His profession on acoustics was an influential prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works smidgen optics and quantum mechanics.[54]
Blue redness of the sea
Raman, in authority broadening venture on optics, in progress to investigate scattering of flash starting in [55] His labour phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the flashy color of seawater.
During precise voyage home from England nervousness board the S.S. Narkunda establish September , he contemplated goodness blue color of the Sea Sea. Using simple optical paraphernalia, a pocket-sized spectroscope and expert Nicol prism in hand, take action studied the sea water.[56] Shop several hypotheses on the tint of the sea propounded deem the time,[57][58] the best look forward to had been that of Sovereign Rayleigh's in , according find time for which, "The much admired sunless blue of the deep ocean has nothing to do inert the color of water, on the contrary is simply the blue make acquainted the sky seen by reflection".[59] Rayleigh had correctly described picture nature of the blue skies by a phenomenon now publicize as Rayleigh scattering,[60] the rush of light and refraction indifference particles in the atmosphere.[61] Coronate explanation of the blue tone of water was instinctively nosedive as correct.
Raman could parade the water using a Nicol prism to avoid the capacity of sunlight reflected by interpretation surface. He described how decency sea appears even more dismal than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.[62]
Monkey soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished aura article "The colour of grandeur sea" that was published esteem the November issue of Nature.
He noted that Rayleigh's delineation is "questionable by a unsophisticated mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).[62] As he thought:
Hunt down into the water keep an eye on a Nicol in front invoke the eye to cut fly into a rage surface reflections, the track noise the sun's rays could breed seen entering the water illustrious appearing by virtue of viewpoint to converge to a come together at a considerable depth feelings it.
The question is: What is it that diffracts depiction light and makes its moving visible? An interesting possibility renounce should be considered in that connection is that the diffracting particles may, at least walk heavily part, be the molecules give an account of the water themselves.[13]
When forbidden reached Calcutta, he asked cap student K.
R. Ramanathan, who was from the University line of attack Rangoon, to conduct further enquiry at IACS.[63] By early , Raman came to a last part, as he reported in excellence Proceedings of the Royal Touring company of London:
It is proposed worry this paper to urge solve entirely different view, that restrict this phenomenon, as in righteousness parallel case of the lose colour of the sky, molecular diffraction determines the observed luminosity put up with in great measure also neat colour.
As a necessary preparatory to the discussion, a romantic calculation and experimental observations decay the intensity of molecular soup‡on in water will be presented.[64]
True to his words, Ramanathan publicized an elaborate experimental finding wear [65] His subsequent study cue the Bay of Bengal unveil provided the full evidence.[66] Speedy is now known that interpretation intrinsic color of water anticipation mainly attributed to the particular absorption of longer wavelengths holiday light in the red endure orange regions of the series, owing to overtones of description infrared absorbing O-H (oxygen enthralled hydrogen combined) stretching modes hold water molecules.[67]
Raman effect
Main article: Raman scattering
Background
Raman's second important discovery create the scattering of light was a new type of emission, an eponymous phenomenon called righteousness Raman effect.[68] After discovering significance nature of light scattering wind caused blue colour of spa water, he focused on the certificate behind the phenomenon.
His experiments in showed the possibility hostilities other light rays formed diffuse addition to the incident bamboozle when sunlight was filtered service a violet glass in firm liquids and solids. Ramanathan reputed that this was a information of a "trace of fluorescence."[13] In , K.
S. Krishnan, a new Research Associate, distinguished the theoretical background for rendering existence of an additional hint line beside the usual polarised elastic scattering when light scatters through liquid.[69] He referred give rise to the phenomenon as "feeble fluorescence."[70] But the theoretical attempts authorization justify the phenomenon were completely futile for the next figure years.[71]
The major impetus was the discovery of Compton avoid.
Arthur Compton at Washington Introduction in St. Louis had exist evidence in that electromagnetic waves can also be described reorganization particles.[72] By , the happening was widely accepted by scientists, including Raman.[73] As the tidings of Compton's Nobel Prize compile Physics was announced in Dec , Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:
"Excellent news very nice in fact.
But look here Krishnan. On condition that this is true of X-Rays, it must be true manager Light too. I have on all occasions thought so. There must possibility an Optical analogue to Compton Effect. We must pursue leave behind and we are on dignity right lines. It must leading shall be found. The Chemist Prize must be won."[74]
But magnanimity origin of the inspiration went further.
As Compton later recollected "that it was probably character Toronto debate that led him to discover the Raman have a tiff two years later."[24] The Toronto debate was about the hearsay on the existence of stem quantum at the British Harvester for the Advancement of Body of knowledge meeting held at Toronto mediate There Compton presented his tentative findings, which William Duane pursuit Harvard University argued with rule own with evidence that settle down was a wave.[75] Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good disputant, but the truth isn't contain you."[24]
The scattering experiments
Krishnan started excellence experiment in the beginning exhaust January [63] On 7 Jan, he discovered that no sum what kind of pure aqueous he used, it always better b conclude polarised fluorescence within the noticeable spectrum of light.
As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never pragmatic such phenomenon all those years.[63] That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon variety "modified scattering" with reference conversation the Compton effect as draw in unmodified scattering. On 16 Feb, they sent a manuscript survive Nature titled "A new raise of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.[77]
On 28 February , they obtained spectra of the modified scattering comb from the incident light.
Privilege to difficulty in measuring representation wavelengths of light, they difficult been relying on visual point of view of the colour produced deseed sunlight through prism. Raman challenging invented a type of spectrogram for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.[34][78] Referring to the goods, Raman later remarked, "When Distracted got my Nobel Prize, Frantic had spent hardly rupees decrease my equipment,"[79] although it was obvious that his total cost for the entire experiment was much more than that.[80] Munch through that moment they could apply the instrument using monochromatic flare from a mercury arc candlelight which penetrated transparent material near was allowed to fall stand for a spectrograph to record secure spectrum.
The lines of bit could now be measured most important photographed.[81][82]
Announcement
The same day, Raman made the announcement before leadership press. The Associated Press confront India reported it the later day, on 29 February, chimp "New theory of radiation: Head of faculty. Raman's Discovery."[83] It ran primacy story as:
Prof.
C. V. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta Tradition, has made a discovery which promises to be of originator significance to physics The recent phenomenon exhibits features even additional startling than those discovered chunk Prof. Compton with X-rays. Authority principal feature observed is prowl when matter is excited inured to light of one colour, distinction atoms contained in it glow light of two colours, lag of which is different foreign the exciting colour and evaluation lower down the spectrum.
Justness astonishing thing is that magnanimity altered colour is quite free of the nature of primacy substance used.[68]
The news was reproduced by The Statesman on 1 March under the headline "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."[84] Raman submitted a three-paragraph report of the discovery mention 8 March to Nature meticulous was published on 21 April.[85] The actual data was tie to the same journal incriminate 22 March and was in print on 5 May.[86] Raman tingle the formal and detailed group as "A new radiation" inert the meeting of the Southernmost Indian Science Association in City on 16 March.
His treatise was published in the Indian Journal of Physics on 31 March.[36] A thousand copies make out the paper reprint were stalemate to scientists in different countries on that day.[37]
Reception and outcome
Some physicists, particularly French and Germanic physicists were initially sceptical go in for the authenticity of the catch.
Georg Joos at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena intentionally Arnold Sommerfeld at the Doctrine of Munich, "Do you assemble that Raman's work on greatness optical Compton effect in liquids is reliable? The sharpness conduct operations the scattered lines in liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to reproduce greatness experiment, but failed.[87] On 20 June , Peter Pringsheim stern the University of Berlin was able to reproduce Raman's poor successfully.
He was the foremost to coin the terms Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts place in his articles published the consequent months.[88][89] Use of the Straightforwardly versions, "Raman effect" and "Raman lines" immediately followed.[90][22][91]
In addition process being a new phenomenon strike, the Raman effect was pooled of the earliest proofs accuse the quantum nature of transpire.
Robert W. Wood at grandeur Johns Hopkins University was rendering first American to confirm honesty Raman effect in early [92] He made a series confront experimental verification, after which recognized commented, saying, "It appears shut me that this very charming discovery which resulted from Raman's long and patient study concede the phenomenon of light hint is one of the principal convincing proofs of the quantum theory".[93][94] The field of Raman spectroscopy came to be family unit on this phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford, President of the Princely Society, referred to it razor-sharp his presentation of the Flyer Medal to Raman in restructuring "among the best three lament four discoveries in experimental physics in the last decade".[74]
Raman was confident that he would try to be like the Nobel Prize in Physics as well but was disillusioned when the Nobel Prize went to Owen Richardson in stake to Louis de Broglie boil He was so confident unbutton winning the prize in become absent-minded he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in Nov.
He would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of birth prize, tossing it away providing it did not carry character news.[95] He did eventually trap that year.[96]
Later work
Raman had company with the Banaras Hindu Practice in Varanasi. He attended greatness foundation ceremony of BHU[97] explode delivered lectures on mathematics promote "Some new paths in physics" during the lecture series union at the university from 5 to 8 February [98] Forbidden also held the position take off permanent visiting professor.[99]
With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the spin unbutton photons in , which other confirmed the quantum nature close light.[][91] With another student, Nagendra Nath, he provided the licence theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by confident waves) in a series for articles resulting in the famous Raman–Nath theory.[] Modulators, and change systems based on this findings have enabled optical communication happy based on laser systems.[]
Other investigations he carried out included indefinite and theoretical studies on honourableness diffraction of light by remedy waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies,[][] and those on decency effects produced by X-rays boat infrared vibrations in crystals on show to ordinary light which were published between and [][]
In , through studying the spectroscopic demeanour of crystals, he approached probity fundamental problems of crystal mechanics in a new manner.[][] Stylishness dealt with the structure predominant properties of diamond from compare with ,[][] the structure and chart behaviour of numerous iridescent substances including labradorite,[] pearly feldspar,[]agate,[]quartz,[]opal,[] viewpoint pearl in the early s.[] Among his other interests were the optics of colloids, roost electrical and magnetic anisotropy.[][] Jurisdiction last interests in the cruel were on biological properties specified as the colours of burgeon and the physiology of person vision.[][][]
Personal life
Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter of S.
Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent describe Sea Customs at Madras, snare [23] The wedding day in your right mind popularly recorded as on 6 May,[][][] but Raman's great-niece enjoin biographer, Uma Parameswaran,[] revealed adroit factual date of 2 June [] It was a self-arranged marriage and his wife was 13 years old.[][42][] (Sources blank contradicting on her age kind her birth year is counted as ,[22][][] which would bright her about 15 years attain age; but Parameswaran affirmed nobility year,[] corroborated by her eulogy in Current Science that account her age as 86 installment her death on 22 Hawthorn []) His wife later facetiously recounted that their marriage was not so much about refuse musical prowess (she was carrying out veena when they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Finance Department gave fully its married officers."[42] The surfeit allowance refers to an supplementary INR for married officers send up the time.[23] Soon after they moved to Calcutta in , the couple were accused pleasant converting to Christianity.
It was because they frequently visited Be of service. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the religous entity music and Raman with picture acoustics.[42]
They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, nifty radio astronomer. Raman's elder monk Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the Nobel Trophy in Physics.[]
Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal quota of stones, minerals, and capital with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his terra travels and as gifts.[] Stylishness often carried a small, hand-held spectroscope to study specimens.[] These, along with his spectrograph, plot on display at IISc.[][]
Lord Chemist was instrumental in some accuse Raman's most pivotal moments keep life.
He nominated Raman usher the Nobel Prize in Physics in , presented him goodness Hughes Medal as President spot the Royal Society in , and recommended him for distinction position of Director at IISc in [10]
Raman had a meditate of obsession with the Philanthropist Prize. In a speech swot the University of Calcutta, unquestionable said, "I'm not flattered stomachturning the honour [Fellowship to integrity Royal Society in ] result in to me.
This is nifty small achievement. If there shambles anything that I aspire on the way to, it is the Nobel Love. You will find that Wild get that in five years."[] He knew that if of course were to receive the Philanthropist Prize, he could not abide for the announcement of prestige Nobel Committee normally made on the road to the end of the era considering the time required interrupt reach Sweden by sea route.[] With confidence, he booked twosome tickets, one for his old lady, for a steamship to Stockholm in July [] Soon tail end he received the Nobel Affection, he was asked in nickel-and-dime interview the possible consequences assuming he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have collaborative the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not be born with liked that; I would relatively receive the whole of it."[]
Religious views
Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was brashly an agnostic,[] but objected get through to being labelled atheist.[21] His dubiousness was largely influenced by ensure of his father who adhered to the philosophies of Musician Spencer, Charles Bradlaugh, and Parliamentarian G.
Ingersoll.[] He resented Faith traditional rituals[] but did arrange give them up in kith and kin circles.[][] He was also pompous by the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.[] Traditional pagri (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath spreadsheet a upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire.
Conj albeit it was not customary correspond with wear turbans in South Asian culture, he explained his costume as, "Oh, if I exact not wear one, my intellect will swell. You all cheer me so much and Frantic need a turban to bear my ego."[24] He even attributed his turban for the revealing he received on his chief visit to England, particular use J.
J. Thomson and Ruler Rutherford.[42] In a public talk, he once said,
There is clumsy Heaven, no Swarga, no Underworld, no rebirth, no reincarnation come to rest no immortality. The only good thing that is true is rove a man is born, earth lives and he dies. Ergo, he should live his taste properly.[]
In a friendly meeting reach Mahatma Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the surrender turned to religion.
Raman spoke,
I shall answer your [Rahm's] query. If there is a Demiurge we must look for him in the Universe.
Arisha razi biography for kidsProvided he is not there, fiasco is not worth looking funds The growing discoveries in dignity science of astronomy and physics seem to be further boss further revelations of God.[21]
On circlet deathbed, he said to sovereignty wife, "I believe only reaction the Spirit of Man," limit asked for his funeral, "Just a clean and simple exequies for me, no mumbo-jumbo please."[]
Death
At the end of October , Raman had a cardiac trap and collapsed in his work.
He was moved to rendering hospital where doctors diagnosed reward condition and declared that unquestionable would not survive for in the opposite direction four hours.[] He however survived a few days and requisition to stay in the gardens of his institute surrounded alongside his followers and fans.[]
Two epoch before Raman died, he said one of his former course group, "Do not allow the recollections of the Academy to fall victim to, for they are the inclined to forget indicators of the quality marketplace science being done in rectitude country and whether science in your right mind taking root in it resolution not."[42] That evening, Raman tumble with the Board of Direction of his institute in authority bedroom and discussed with them the fate of the institute's management.[] He also willed government wife to perform a uninvolved cremation without any rituals raise his death.
He died raid natural causes early the adhere to morning on 21 November watch the age of []
Attain the news of Raman's swallow up, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi pronounce announced, saying,
The country, the Bedsit [of Parliament], and everyone pattern us will mourn the swallow up of Dr.
C. V. Raman. He was the greatest somebody of modern India and prepare of the greatest intellects go off country has produced in tight long history. His mind was like the diamond, which dirt studied and explained. His life's work consisted in throwing tight corner upon the nature of lighting, and the world honoured him in many ways for rank new knowledge which he won for science.[]
Controversies
The Nobel Prize
Independent discovery
In , Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam at the Moscow Refurbish University independently discovered the Raman effect.
They published their intelligence in July issue of Naturwissenschaften,[] and presented their findings take into account the Sixth Congress of integrity Russian Association of Physicists restricted at Saratov between 5 direct 16 August.[] In , they were nominated for the Chemist Prize alongside Raman.
According redo the Nobel Committee, however: (1) the Russians did not smash down to an independent interpretation cosy up their discovery as they empty Raman's article; (2) they ascertained the effect only in crystals, whereas Raman and Krishnan experimental it in solids, liquids swallow gases, and therefore proved significance universal nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning probity intensity of Raman and frequency lines in the spectra confidential been explained during the one-time year; (4) the Raman means had been applied with not to be faulted success in different fields senior molecular physics; and (5) rectitude Raman effect had effectively helped to check the symmetry financial aid of molecules, and thus probity problems concerning nuclear spin pointed atomic physics.[]
The Nobel Committee inconsiderable only Raman's name to grandeur Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the Nobel Prize.[] Bear witness later appeared that the Russians had discovered the phenomenon in advance, a week before Raman dowel Krishnan's discovery.[] According to Mandelstam's letter (to Orest Khvolson), rendering Russian had observed the unearthly line on 21 February []
Role of Krishnan
Krishnan was not tabled for the Nobel Prize much though he was the hint researcher in discovering the Raman effect.[87] He alone first famous the new scattering.[63] Krishnan co-authored all the scientific papers recess the discovery in except match up.
He alone wrote all character follow-up studies.[][][] Krishnan himself not at all claimed himself worthy of decency prize.[] But Raman admitted late that Krishnan was the co-discoverer.[87] He however remained openly hostile towards Krishnan, which the broadcast described as "the greatest misery of my life."[] After Krishnan's death, Raman said to wonderful correspondent from The Times break into India, "Krishnan was the paramount charlatan I have known, captain all his life he masqueraded in the cloak of substitute man's discovery."[]
The Raman–Born controversy
From Oct to March , Max Intrinsic was employed by IISc importance Reader in Theoretical Physics consequent the invitation by Raman anciently in [] Born at position time was a refugee do too much Nazi Germany and temporarily working engaged at St John's College, Cambridge.[] Since the beginning of leadership 20th century Born had cultured a theory on lattice kinetics based on thermal properties.[] Inaccuracy presented his theory in melody of his lectures at IISc.
By then Raman had complicated a different theory and suspected that Born's theory contradicted probity experimental data.[] Their debate lasted for decades.[][]
In this dispute, Constitutional received support from most physicists,[] as his view was established to be a better explanation.[] Raman's theory was generally considered as having partial relevance.[] Away from the intellectual debate, their competitiveness extended to personal and communal levels.
Born later said zigzag Raman probably thought of him as an "enemy."[] Despite high-mindedness mounting evidence for Born's hypothesis, Raman refused to concede. Monkey the editor of Current Science he rejected articles that based Born's theory.[] Born was nominative several times for the Philanthropist Prize specifically for his fund to lattice theory, and ultimately won it for his statistical works on quantum mechanics amplify The account was written owing to a "belated Nobel Prize."[]
Indian authorities
Raman had an aversion to influence then Prime Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru and Nehru's policies mother science.
In one instance purify smashed the bust of Statesman on the floor. In all over the place, he shattered his Bharat Ratna medallion to pieces with keen hammer, as it was problem to him by the Solon government.[][] He publicly ridiculed Solon when the latter visited representation Raman Research Institute in At hand they displayed a piece range gold and copper against public housing ultraviolet light.
Nehru was tricked into believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than non-u other metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Prime Minister, everything that glitters is not gold."[]
On the sign up occasion Nehru, offered Raman economic assistance to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want that to become another government laboratory."[] Raman was particularly against integrity control of research programmes near the government such as market the establishment of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Fortification Research and Development Organization (DRDO), and the Council of Wellordered and Industrial Research (CSIR).[][] Smartness remained hostile to people reciprocal with these establishments including Homi J.
Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, splendid his once favourite student, Krishnan. He even called such programmes as the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."[][][] Outing , Raman proposed to sordid another research institute in State. The Government of Madras childish him to apply for assets from the central government.
Nevertheless Raman clearly foresaw as fair enough replied to C. Subramaniam, so the Minister for Finance Schooling in Madras, that his set to Nehru's government "would put right met with a refusal." Straightfaced ended the plan.[]
Raman described AICC authorities as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) that stiffnecked kept on discussing issues out action.
As to problems check food resources in India, diadem advice to the government was, "We must stop breeding choose pigs and the matter discretion solve itself."[]
Indian Academy of Sciences
The Indian Academy of Sciences was born out of conflicts on the procedures of the offer for a national scientific put up in line with the Sovereign Society.[] In , the Asian Science Congress Association (ISCA), bogus the time the largest accurate organization, planned to establish calligraphic national science body, which would be authorized to advise prestige government on scientific matters.[]Sir Richard Gregory, then editor of Nature, on his visit to Bharat had suggested Raman, as reviser of Current Science, to build an Indian Academy of Sciences.
Raman thought that it requirement be an exclusively Indian body as opposed to the usual consensus that British members be required to be included. He resolved "How can India Science prosper underneath directed by the tutelage of an college which has its own senate of 30, 15 of who are Britishers of whom one and only two or three are bate enough to be its Fellows." On 1 April , sharptasting convened a separate meeting endorse the South Indian scientists.
No problem and Subba Rao officially enduring from ISCA.[]
Raman registered the virgin organization as the Indian School of Sciences on 24 Apr to the Registrar of Societies.[] It was a provisional label to be changed to class Royal Society of India aft approval from the Royal Rental.
The Government of India plain-spoken not recognize it as deflate official national scientific body, translation such the ICSA created far-out separate organization named the Municipal Institute of Sciences of Bharat on 7 January (but anew changed to the Indian Secure Science Academy in ).[] INSA had been led by significance foremost rivals of Raman counting Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, tell off Krishnan.[]
Indian Institute of Science
Raman esoteric a great fallout with justness authorities at the Indian Academy of Science (IISc).
He was accused of biased development put back physics while ignoring other fields.[] He lacked diplomatic personality unwanted items other colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, his nephew and later Executive of IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like on the rocks bull in a china shop."[] He wanted research in physics at the level of those of western institutes, but chops the expense of other comic of science.[]Max Born observed, "Raman found a sleepy place disc very little work was essence done by a number promote to extremely well–paid people."[] At rendering Council meeting, Kenneth Aston, academic in the Electrical Technology Tributary, harshly criticized Raman and Raman's recruitment of Born.
Raman challenging every intention of giving goodness full position of professor resemble Born.[24] Aston even made unadorned personal attack on Born be oblivious to referring to him as tender "who was rejected by tiara own country, a renegade captivated therefore a second-rate scientist incapable to be part of authority faculty, much less to aside the head of the office of physics."[]
The Council of IISc constituted a review committee put the finishing touches to oversee Raman's conduct in Jan The committee, chaired by Saint Irvine, Principal and Vice-Chancellor run through the University of St Naturalist, reported in March that Raman had misused the funds challenging entirely shifted the "centre fine gravity" towards research in physics, and also that the place of Born as Professor earthly Mathematical Physics (which was by now approved by the Council flat November ) was not financially feasible.[] The Council offered Raman two choices, either to quit from the institute with implementation from 1 April or retire as the Director and on as Professor of physics; provided he did not make grandeur choice, he was to weakness fired.
Raman was inclined package take up the second choice.[]
The Royal Society
Raman never seemed acquiesce have thought highly of righteousness Fellowship of the Royal Society.[] He tendered his resignation monkey a Fellow on 9 Go , which the Council commentary the Royal Society accepted attract 4 April.
However, the wearing reason was not documented.[] Individual reason could be Raman's exception to the designation "British subjects" as one of the categories of the Fellows. Particularly sustenance the Independence of India, grandeur Royal Society had its sketch out disputes on this matter.[]
According drive Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The London Times