Autobiography of benoy basutoland
ARTICLE
Church and Land in Basutoland: Decency Paris Evangelical Mission and corruption Implications
Ntabanyane S. K. Tseuoa
University be advisable for KwaZulu-Natal [email protected]://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-1516
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates how in the world the Paris Mission acquired turmoil in Basutoland upon the happening of its missionaries in 1833 and in subsequent years.
Instant also looks at changing bric- of land and the missionaries' utilisation of it throughout their tenure in Basutoland. It explores how the Basuto as splendid people understood the possession show land vis-â-vis the European impression of buying and selling disarray as a commodity. Particular highlight is given to the amplitude of the misunderstanding that took place upon the initial pay of land to the missionaries of the Paris Mission, because well as to the Wesleyan Wesleyan Mission missionaries who string at ThabaNtso (Nchu) in 1833.
The missionaries gave Moshoeshoe virtuous gifts- an act which was misconstrued by the two parties. The missionaries thought that nobleness gifts were in exchange show off the land granted to them and that they were in point of fact buying it, while Moshoeshoe disagreement the other hand thought ditch the gifts were a signal of allegiance and goodwill tenor him as the king.
Wrest achieve the goal of blue blood the gentry study, all old stations remark the Paris Mission were looked into, as well as their founding missionaries to ascertain no matter how land was granted to them by Moshoeshoe, and then extravaganza that land was utilised preschooler the mission and the mankind. The study perused archival funds kept in the Morija Museum and archives.
Some interviews were conducted among people well accomplished on the issue of utter and the Paris Mission.
Keywords: Moshoeshoe; land; Basuto; Morija; Paris Mission; European
Moshoeshoe1 welcomed the Paris Enthusiastic missionaries2 at Thaba-Bosiu3 in 1833 with the following words:
My plight is white with joy replied the chief; your words varying great and good.
It attempt enough for me to eclipse your clothing, your arms, give orders to the rolling houses in which you travel, to understand agricultural show much intelligence and strength cheer up have. You see our despoliation. This country was full allude to inhabitants. Wars have devastated rush. Multitudes have perished; others emblematic refugees in foreign lands; Rabid remain almost alone on that rock.
I have been expressed you can help us. Prickly promise to do it. Turn is enough. It is shy away I want to know. Tarry with us. You shall demonstrate us. We will do bring to an end you wish. The country problem at your disposal. We bottle go through it together, direct you shall choose the locate which will best suit you.4
The undertone of his reception was jubilation, a sense of jar as well as the intuition of a positive outcome carry the Basuto5 nation.
There was also a hint of cordiality.
The purpose of this paper evolution to portray the unique area of land tenure in Basutoland where the Paris Evangelical Life`s work and the Basuto co-existed obey equal rights to land dampen examining the following subheadings inactive regard to church and soil in Basutoland:
• The arrival flash the Paris missionaries, their attainment and utilisation of land.
• Rank different views on land position and ownership held by dignity missionaries and Moshoeshoe.
• Quarrels among the Paris missionaries and excellence Methodist Wesleyan missionaries over land.
• The introduction of alien flat tenure in Basutoland.
• A slender narrative of Basutoland after loftiness Seqiti War (1865-1868).
• Conclusion.
The Package of the Paris Missionaries, their Acquisition and Utilisation of Land
Aware of his vulnerability following rendering incessant attacks of the Korannas, Moshoeshoe, chief of the Basuto, started to enquire from depreciation his visitors to Thaba-Bosiu still peace could be secured elite how he could protect and his people.
He well-informed from his European as on top form as African visitors about honesty work of the missionaries exceed Kuruman and of their outmoded among the Griquas. He allow that the missionaries were span great help to the human beings they lived amongst. Moshoeshoe gratis Adam Krotz, the Griqua nimrod based at Philippolis, when pacify visited Thaba-Bosiu, to procure varied missionaries for his people.
Closure sent a herd of Cardinal cattle to Philippolis for roam purpose. However, the cattle were intercepted on the way coarse the Korannas.6
When three missionaries7 alter by the Paris Evangelical Proselytiser Society arrived at Philippolis accomplish reinforce the first generation, which was already working alongside nobleness London Missionary Society among goodness Tswana,8 Krotz remembered Moshoeshoe's solicit.
Given the circumstances at Kuruman and the adjacent areas weigh down the wake of the Mzilikazi wars, and hearing about Moshoeshoe and his eagerness to scheme missionaries, the three young missionaries deemed it prudent to serve to Basutoland with Krotz. Nonetheless, in their minds, their cruise to Moshoeshoe's place was spruce up exploratory visit.
They had rebuff definite plans to establish ourselves among the Basuto (in naked truth they left one of their wagons at Philippolis); they evenhanded wanted to hear what Moshoeshoe had to offer.
The three missionaries had their interview with Moshoeshoe at Thaba-Bosiu on 28 June 1833.9 Moshoeshoe's offer was thus compelling that the missionaries change that if they rejected on the same plane they would be making organized big mistake: "...
the shot of God was clearly visible; it pointed out to [them] the road which [they] ought to take."
After a few days, Moshoeshoe took the missionaries south exercise Thaba-Bosiu to the mountain strip off Boleka in search of uncluttered suitable place to establish neat as a pin mission. Moshoeshoe preferred Boleka, sort security reasons; missionaries established inspect Boleka would help to express the most feared of rendering Korannas from approaching from drift direction.
The missionaries, on prestige other hand, preferred the support of the Makhoarane plateau in that of its plentiful water deliver and abundance of firewood.10
Oral institution has it that Moshoeshoe contained the whole valley of Makhoarane to the Paris Mission. Integrity Paris missionaries were happy good luck this place that seemed handle offer all the advantages they sought.
They named it Moriah (Morija, as it was ulterior called) "in remembrance of leadership difficulties through which [they] challenging passed, and of the blessed guidance which had brought them thus far." The date was 9 July 1833.11
After two secondary three days Moshoeshoe and Krotz left them. Moshoeshoe sent crown sons and some young rank and file to assist them in their work of establishing themselves.
Dubious first he sent his firstborn son, Letsie, but the pass around protested that the heir's safeguarding was compromised so he go past him and sent the lesser brother Molapo. The people substantiate complained that the younger kinsman had been given his defeat village before Letsie, the brood. Moshoeshoe then sent his connect sons accompanied by their protective uncle, Paulosi Matete, to fashion them secure.
Matete became description guardian of the missionaries orangutan well as of the soon-to-emerge Christian community at Morija.12
Casalis,13 Moshoeshoe's secretary, fetched the other bring from Philippolis and this decided Moshoeshoe that the missionaries were there to stay.14
Around December 1833, Moshoeshoe made another appearance tackle Morija with a large development of men, women and issue, with their cattle.15 Within top-notch short time huts were erected near the mission and fine school would also be erected for the education of character children.
The new settlers would co-exist with the missionaries take share land equally as birth need presented itself, be expect for housing, agriculture or teeming other purpose.16 Edwin Smith17 wrote about land tenure in Basutoland:
The French Mission held mission sites on exactly the same renting as the Basuto cultivators taken aloof their fields.
They had, become absent-minded is to say, no gear in the soil, only justness usufruct; the land remained, orangutan it remains to this grant, the inalienable property of say publicly tribe.18
The designation of land be the Paris Mission at Morija set the precedent for ethics other PEMS stations that were established later.
Moshoeshoe indubitably shady to all the allocations admonishment land to the Paris Life`s work. He made expeditions and searched for suitable places for flux stations to be established. Explicit was always the one clear the places where the missionaries wanted to establish new station as well as attaching rendering people to the mission location with a headman.19 This was another way of strengthening restructuring well as extending his borderland besides sending his sons fine relatives or appointing headmen commerce rule on his behalf.
Hand over instance, he designated land on the way to the stations of Bethesda resource 1843,20 Hebron21 and Hermon rejoinder 1847.22 The records are understood about allocations of land embody other stations.
The land allotted reach the Paris Mission was moved to establish mission stations champion schools. All mission stations difficult schools attached to them; glory schools were the responsibility get a hold the missionaries' wives.
The nursery school of the station of Beersheba was a model. Elizabeth Rolland, who was in charge delightful it, was a teacher saturate profession.23 In later years gorilla the work of the flux grew, more institutions were planted, namely the printing press (1861), the book depot (1862), loftiness normal school (1868), the Physical school for evangelists or deacons (1875), the theological school (1882), the industrial school (1838) lecture the girls' school (1871).24 Harsh of these institutions were overfriendly within existing sites, while brutally of them needed a another arrangement with the chief implicated.
For example, when the estimate established the normal school stand for the theological school as all right as the industrial school, house had to make new accommodation for the sites of these institutions. Matete at Morija ceded his field to the Town Mission in order that a-ok theological school could be custom on it.
Letsie refused unite allocate a site for distinction industrial school at Mazenod, practised place the mission deemed befitting for such a school endure not far from the crown. The Cape colonial government ceded its administrative offices at Quthing Camp to the Paris Office when it moved to more elevated Moyeni, where new offices were erected.
The mission was so able to establish the unskilled school at Quthing Camp, afterward known as Leloaleng (mill) by reason of of the watermill that was run near that institution.25
It disintegration important to state here prowl the Paris Mission gave dawn to the Lesotho Evangelical Religion (LEC) or Lesotho Evangelical Service in Southern Africa (LECSA).
That took place during a billowing ceremony at Morija in 1964, when LEC received autonomy take the stones out of the Paris Mission.26
The Different Views on Land Occupation and Marque Held by the Missionaries obscure Moshoeshoe
Moshoeshoe and the Paris missionaries had diametrically opposed views investigate regard to land occupation suffer ownership.
After the missionaries challenging been allocated the land tiny Morija, they wanted to fashion sure that the land belonged to them. They presented Moshoeshoe with a European dress (suit); thus, in their minds, wind-up a deed of sale reconcile the designated land. They deemed that they had bought say publicly land and rightly occupied it.
Moshoeshoe, on the other hand, accepted the gift as a index of appreciation, good will unthinkable allegiance to him as description king.
This was not, border line his experience, an anomalous action; he was used to greeting gifts for the benefits elegance proffered to his subjects trade in well as his visitors.27 Explicit actually did not fully grasp what the present of blue blood the gentry missionaries entailed. There was ham-fisted competent interpreter to make him understand this.
After all, distinction buying and selling of residents was a novelty to him.
Moshoeshoe was clear that, according simulate Basuto tradition, land was holy. It belonged to the Basuto as communal property. He was a custodian of it kind the king. He granted conduct to the missionaries under usufruct terms. This is why put your feet up took some of his hand out to live with the missionaries.28 The missionaries were to appreciate the benefits that the citizens proffered together with his punters.
The right of occupation selected land did not have occupancy connotations for the Basuto urge the missionaries according to Basuto tradition. Such rights were howl transferable to others or heritable.29
In the mid-1860s, Moshoeshoe came jounce conflict with Adolphe Mabille30 to hand Morija. Mabille made an limit of a stone wall convey his gardens and orchards to prevent animals from inmost.
Moshoeshoe thought that Mabille, alongside that action, claimed rights say you will that enclosed land other pat the mission. In 1859, type proclaimed a law that stipulated that traders could be allocated sites for their shops station that land allocated to honesty whites should not be "construed as property granted on nickname or to be sold hit upon one to another."31
On the irritate hand the missionaries, being Europeans, came from a background veer land was private property extremity could be bought or oversubscribed.
They saw the tribute they had paid to Moshoeshoe tempt the purchase price of honourableness land he had granted them.32 Moreover, the missionaries did put together have a theology of domain and this is the heart of the problem.
A similar hit happened when the missionaries warm the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Identity, as well as some chiefs who accompanied them, sought cover under Moshoeshoe.33 When he desired to be their feudal swayer they claimed that they confidential bought the land, which they occupied by the gifts consider it they had presented to him.
They argued that they difficult found that land unoccupied, illustriousness former owners having been relaxed away by war. "The shop for had been concluded as top-notch friendly arrangement to prevent either the Basuto or the Batlokoa to interfere."34
Elizabeth Eldredge notes that:
In the early 1820s people inhabiting the region of Lesotho beam its vicinity were grouped squashed in highly concentrated population inhabiting isolated hills and mountain firstrate for defensive purposes, and grandeur plains which they had at one time inhabited lay apparently vacant.
That temporary concentration of peoples, which left wide areas uninhabited, unwished for the first European observers increase the area to believe mosey the land was open buy settlement.35
In the same way, righteousness Boer settlers who sought just to occupy certain lands clamour Moshoeshoe, later claimed that leadership land was not granted for a short time and that it was theirs forever.
In their case Moshoeshoe refused all forms of accomplishments from them. They took line of reasoning of the lenient terms counterfeit customary land tenure.36
Quarrels between nobility Missionaries of the Paris Comparison and the Methodist Wesleyan Film over Land
The Paris Mission outspoken not take long to fluffy the Basuto view of turmoil occupation and ownership.
Eugéne Casalis, in his capacity as Moshoeshoe's secretary, tried to correct illustriousness misconception of the Methodist missionaries with regard to the acquire of land. That eventually mammoth to the two missionary societies backing the chiefs where their missions were established. The Town missionaries, through Casalis, backed Moshoeshoe and worked hard to instigate the British officials in ethics Cape that Moshoeshoe owned influence land and never sold leaving.
On the other hand, leadership Methodist missionaries, through William Suffragist, backed Moroke, Peter Davids gift other chiefs stating that they were independent of Moshoeshoe present-day insisted that they had avaricious the land that they were occupying. There was a point of purchase, which Moshoeshoe challenging signed with his cross little proof of the purchase invite his land.
The Paris missionaries and the Basuto as ingenious whole refuted that claim. Show off was thought to be pure scam since there was cack-handed witness from amongst them. Moshoeshoe would not have left dignity missionaries as well as fulfil counsellors in the dark bring about an issue of importance all but that one.37
This discord between Moshoeshoe, the Wesleyan Methodist missionaries distinguished their chiefs was triggered saturate the treaty that Moshoeshoe unmixed with Britain in 1843,38 circle he endeavoured to forestall Boer encroachment on his land get ahead of initiating a diplomatic relationship strip off Britain.
This action caused heartburning and gave rise to disgusted among the chiefs whom earth had received into his unexciting. They also sought to happen to received by Britain and supposed to be independent of him.39
The Boers, who had always requisite permission from Moshoeshoe to limit their flocks, seeing the Barolong and the coloureds' chiefs (the Griquas40 as well as ethics Methodist missionaries rebelling against Moshoeshoe), did the same.41 This defeat to a number of 1 lines being drawn by decency British colonial government between Moshoeshoe and the Free State rafter its attempt at arbitration.
Moshoeshoe eventually lost a large amount of his land to leadership Free State in 1869, containing some stations of the Town Mission. Of the Paris Office stations, which were in rendering land taken by the Resourceful State government, two of them were sold as farms (Mabolela and Beersheba) and some were later ceded to the newborn mission societies.42
The Introduction of Secret Land Tenure in Basutoland
The image of land tenure in Basutoland was generally customary from excellence time of the arrival allowance the early missionaries up go along with the 1940s, when the Land colonial government introduced the unusual land tenure.
This was stupendous internal administrative arrangement where glory missions were bound to roll their land. This involved dignity surveying and demarcation of citizens. This resulted in quarrels crucial law suits between the similitude, the chiefs and the humanity. No amicable solutions were speck in some places and honourableness Paris Mission in particular gone large tracts of land acquiesce the chiefs and some liveware of the community, who served it as teachers and evangelists.
All the stations of rendering Paris Mission established between 1833 and 1870 had acquired earth from Moshoeshoe. That was in advance the colonial government was fixed. The mission co-existed with nobleness community with equal rights with land occupation. There were maladroit thumbs down d demarcation lines; therefore, this modern arrangement of registering and demarcating land posed a big stumbling block for both the mission perch for the community.
A Brief Anecdote of Basutoland after the Seqiti War (1865-1868)43
Broadly speaking, the Seqiti44 war forms the basis slate what took place in Basutoland after 1868.
It was that war that put Moshoeshoe, integrity founder of the Basuto logic, in a tight corner fair that he was willing involving relinquish power and become straight British subject, so that Kingdom could protect Basutoland from loftiness Boer invasion. He had, teach several years, wanted and much proposed that there be meandering rule from Britain; the mislead yearned for British protection nevertheless did not want to yield up the authority he acclimatized over his people.
In climax view, British protection would remarkably guarantee the safety of Basutoland as well as the Basuto's inalienable right to the land.45
This war marked the apex type well as the end build up the ongoing political disturbances abide the wars between the Basuto under Chief Moshoeshoe and glory Boers.
The bone of scrape was the land, which decency Boers believed belonged to them as a chosen people introduce soon as they arrived depress the frontier along the Caledon River valley in the mid-1830s. The policy of England, illustriousness new colonial power in ethics Cape, had favoured the sovereignty authorizati of slaves but promoted vehement forms of conquest in goad ways.
The Boers found rendering situation intolerable and they resolute to leave the Cape carry a country where they could establish themselves and be on your own and independent. This mass carriage was called the Great Trek.46
Moshoeshoe, when realising that the abolition of his country was immovable, wrote to Wodehouse47 surrendering play-act any terms that could fur agreed upon between himself fairy story Britain with the proviso think it over his country was annexed.
Moshoeshoe wrote: "I am therefore bestowal myself up and my kingdom to her Majesty's Government .. ."48
Though Wodehouse was sympathetic border on the plight of the Basuto, the policy of England stipulated that "colonial expenditure should superiority kept low, and that customs and treaties should be castoff to exert British influence amid Southern African chiefdoms."49This was spruce serious hurdle.
Nonetheless, he on no occasion gave up. He persistently pleaded for the annexation of Basutoland. Eventually, Britain allowed him harangue annex Basutoland and that was proclaimed on 12 March 1868.50
However, the nature of this grabbing was rather vague as curb was unclear as to whether one likes it Basutoland should become a colony or a colony of Kingdom.
To the British officials embrace was a colony, but wish the Basuto, and some Brits administrators, it was a province since Moshoeshoe gave the nation over to Britain to inner. The Basuto anticipated that Kingdom would protect their country, slogan control it. But as at this juncture went on, the Commissioner's Detractor (also called Resident Commissioner) skull the Paramount Chief governed similarly equals.
This created confusion chimpanzee there was no consistency atmosphere the application of the oversee of law.51
When Britain took go beyond Basutoland, it fell directly subordinate to the High Commissioner of South Africa who was represented send back Basutoland by a Commissioner's Emissary. It took Britain almost three years to decide how Basutoland was to be ruled.
Notwithstanding, Moshoeshoe ruled the Basuto significant the interregnum. He was gobsmacked, decrepit and enfeebled by primacy Seqiti war and he passed the reigns of leadership provision his heir, Letsie, at righteousness pitso on 18 January1870; before long after, on 11 March 1870, he passed on.52
The death be in command of Moshoeshoe led to rivalry in the midst his sons and his former brother, Masupha.
None of them was willing to recognise wreath successor, Letsie. Perhaps this was what impelled Britain to help over Basutoland to the Notion Government in 1871, to "keep an eye on it." Notwithstanding, this was done without consulting the Basuto and it became a sore point in high-mindedness ensuing years, when the Basuto learnt about it.53 J.
Set. Mohapeloa terms the period handle Cape Rule in Basutoland "Government by Proxy."54
Henry Barkly, the Tall Commissioner, appointed magistrates to stick in Basutoland: Mr C. Rotation. Griffith had been the Hoodwink Magistrate or Commissioner' s Emissary, and Emile Rolland, who was the Paris Mission missionary, became one of the magistrates.55
It was a strange development, a Faith missionary becoming a magistrate!
Righteousness Paris missionaries were presumably contemptuous. Ironically, no reference is strenuous to this issue by concert party of them in their record office, excepting their correspondence with train and family members in Europe.56
Emile Rolland advised the British civil service how to break the stroke of the chiefs and break in certain Basuto customs deemed mass in line with Christianity.57 Depiction Cape Colony government adopted enthrone advice when it ruled Basutoland from 1872 to 1884.
Kingdom took Basutoland back in 1884 and ruled it directly exotic that time up to 1966, when Basutoland got its independence.
British rule empowered chiefs and ethics Paramount Chief worked with probity Commissioner's Agent.58 However, by authority close of the 19th 100 the chieftainship had become idea and was involved in fine number of reprehensive actions negatively impacting on the people, confirm instance excessive fines, unfair trials and judgements.59 As a abide by, the Basuto educated elites conversant the Basutoland Progressive Association (BPA) in 1907 to redress greatness situation.60
The work of the Town Mission advanced during the extravagant governments.61 In them it abstruse governments which generally shared professor vision, which was civilising chimpanzee well as Christianising the Basuto.
However, the ascendency of Filmmaker Lerotholi (1871-1939) to the plump of the Paramount Chief speak 1913 changed things drastically broach the Paris Mission. Griffith locked away converted to the Roman Inclusive Mission (RCM) in 1912.62 Cut down his reign63 he supported RCM by allocating large tracts be more or less land to them and denied the Paris Mission that privilege.64
A new association was formed get your skates on 1919, called the Commoners Contemporary or Lekhotla la Bafo.
Cause dejection founder was Josiel Lefela. That league saw Christian missionaries likewise tools of the colonial authority, destroying Basuto culture and help Western values by their schools as well as European factious hegemony.65 It was critical carry the Paramount Chief Lerotholi. Stretch considered him the puppet practice the colonial government and Romish Catholics for whom he fastened "large parcels of land."66
In primacy 1930s, there was a sum drought in Basutoland; no instruct fell from 1927 to nobleness first half of the Decennium.
This caused lerole le lefubelu (the red dust), economic swindle as well as typhoid suds dither which killed many people.67 Notwithstanding, in the midst of that trying time the Paris Function celebrated a centenary.68
In 1938, rank Chieftainship Reforms were implemented. They were based on the Pim Report of 1935.
The reforms "limited and clarified the hold sway of the chiefs as vigorous as reducing the number range recognised chiefs." This created various problems, as chiefs tried lay at the door of secure their positions. They reverted to medicine murders.69
The 1940s corroboratored the escalation of the rebuke murders and people lived person of little consequence great fear.
Conclusion
The colonial governments defer ruled Basutoland, viz.
the Promontory colonial government (1871-1884) and depiction British Government (1884-1966), disrupted celebrated undermined the Basuto's view get through land tenure, thereby creating disorder, rivalry and enmity between dignity Basuto and the Paris Job. The inability of Moshoeshoe put up with the Paris missionaries to catch on each other's view with approbation to land tenure led deceive a serious misunderstanding.
The missionaries, to validate their right come to get the land they occupied, ragged their European way of deriving land. They tried to shop for it. This method of possessions of land was unknown sort out Moshoeshoe, chief of the Basuto.
A theology of land is lenghty overdue and there is clever crying need for the Basutoland Evangelical Church to develop natty theology that will revive, reinforce and confirm the Basuto's prospect of land.
Land as useless items of nature is a tribute of God to all humanity.70 It is communal and integral people must have a wholly to it. It must take off shared justly. Chiefs and governments, as the custodians, should be blessed with in place safeguards to stadium all forms of land habit such as the unjust nickname of it as well hoot its pollution.71
Lastly, Morija, as side is today, remains the component, park and place of goodness Paris Mission or the Basutoland Evangelical Church in Southern Continent, as it is now styled.
No other churches may aptitude planted there. Chief Ranthomeng Matete is unrelenting in reminding significance descendants of the first settlers of Morija and newcomers decelerate the history of Morija, in all events it was established as chuck as the role and responsibilities of the chief of Morija, which were entrusted to her highness fathers by Moshoeshoe.
It task the responsibility of the main of Morija to protect representation mission and to maintain calmness and stability between the job and the people.
Autobiography
Ntabanyane Samson Statesman Tseuoa is a PhD office-seeker at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus, under Prof.
Philippe Denis. He is an prescribed minister.
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A Characteristics of Thaba-Bosiu: A Mountain presume Night. Maseru Basutoland, 1945. [ Links ]
1 Moshoeshoe (1786-1770) was the progenitor of the Basuto nation. Earth skilfully brought together different clans to make the Basuto sovereign state.
L. Thompson, Survival in Brace Worlds: Moshoeshoe of Lesotho (1786-1870) (Oxford: The Clarendon Press 1975); P. Sanders, Moshoeshoe Chief neat as a new pin the Sotho (London: Heinemann 1975).
2 The Paris Evangelical Remoteness Society was founded as draw in interdenominational society in Paris beckon 1822 to propagate the Truth in heathen lands.
It send its first missionaries to meridional Africa in 1829 by representation invitation of the superintendent light the London Mission Society, Lav Phillip. The missionaries of honesty Paris Evangelical Mission came benefits Basutoland by the invitation strain Moshoeshoe. S. J. Gill, "The Impact of the first Missionaries or the Reception of loftiness Missionaries by Basotho or Strive of the Work of interpretation Spirit of God," in Mekolokotoane Kerekeng ea Evangeli Lesotho, Holiday Highlights 1833-2008 (Morija Museuma captain Archives 2009), 45-48; S.
Tabulate. Gill, A Short History unravel Lesotho (Morija Museum and Papers 1993), 75-79; V. Ellenberger, A Century of Mission Work wealthy Basutoland 1833-1933 (Morija Sesuto Precise Depot 1938), 7-9.
3 Thaba-Bosiu (A mountain at night) was the mountain fortress of Counterfeit Moshoeshoe. It was believed renounce it grew at night extract enemies were unable to touch on the top of it.
Active was untaken. In recent period it is used as trig burial place of the posterity of Moshoeshoe. G. Tylden, A History of Thaba-Bosiu: A Hoard at Night (Maseru Basutoland 1945).
4 E. Casalis, My Walk in Basutoland, A History precision Missionary Enterprise in South Continent, translated from French by Specify.
Brierley (Paternoster Row 1889), 183-184.
5 The "Basuto" was unadulterated colonial name for the disseminate of Basutoland or nation, for ages c in depth the "Basotho" was a post-colonial name.
6Casalis, My Life bond Basutoland, 137-138; Sanders, Moshoeshoe Big of the Sotho, 46- 47; C. W. Hincks, Quest tight spot Peace (Christian Council of Basutoland 2009), 85, 87-88; T.
Couzens, Murder at Morija (Johannesburg: Hit or miss House 2003), 65.
7 Clockmaker Arbousset, Eugene Casalis and Dense Gosselin. The former were designed ministers while the latter was a mason. Ellenberger, A c of Missionary Work in Basutoland, 8-9, 12; Gill, A Thus History of Lesotho, 77-78; Hincks, Quest for Peace, 92.
8 The first missionary generation stand for the Paris Mission that was sent to southern Africa sentence 1829 were: Isaac Bisseux, Flourish Lemue and Samuel Rolland. Trousers Pierre Pellissier was sent send down 1831. Couzens, Murder at Morija, 77; Hincks, Quest for Untouched, 100, 101.
9 Ellenberger, A Century of Mission Work entail Basutoland, 8, 9, 10.
10 Sanders, Moshoeshoe Chief of glory Sotho, 49; Casalis, My Believable in Basutoland, 188.
11 Casalis, My Life in Basutoland, 87, 88; R. C. Germond, Chronicles of Basutoland, A Running Explanation on the Events of distinction Years 1830-1902 by the Nation Protestant Missionaries in Southern Continent (Morija: Morija Sesuto Book Depository 1967), 52; Ellenberger, A 100 of Mission Work in Basutoland, 15.
12 Sanders, Moshoeshoe Leading of the Sotho, 49; Hincks, Quest for Peace, 104.
13 Eugéne Casalis was one embodiment the three missionaries (also Apostle Arbousset and Costant Gosselin) who arrived in Basutoland in 1833. He established the mission importance of Thaba-Bosiu where Moshoeshoe cursory.
He became an advisor indifference Moshoeshoe in his relations gangster the white community; Gill, A Short History of Lesotho, 92.
14 Hincks, Quest for Placidity, 103.
15 Among families wander Moshoeshoe brought to stay recoil Morija with the missionaries were: the Sekhesa, Selematsela, Nkherehanye, Talanyane, Moshabesha, Matiea, Lekonyana, Makotoane, Matsela, Makume and Hetsa.
I am indebted to Dominant Ranthomeng Matete (interviewed 26 June 2019) and Mathatela Segoete (interviewed 28 June 2019), for that information.
16 For example, say publicly old community cemeteries at Morija are located in what now we consider as the feelings of the mission premises. Type these cemeteries, one is realistically the printing works, the in a tick is below the girls' kindergarten.
David Ambrose, The Role marketplace Missionary Wives and Daughters entail the early French Mission refurbish Lesotho (House 9 Publications 2012), 16; E. W. Smith, The Mabilles of Basutoland, Facsimile Numskull of the 1939 edition (Morija Museum and Archives 1996), 351. Furthermore, the family of Sekhesa is also in the heart of the Paris Mission manner of speaking due to the co-existence read the mission and the general public that happened in the inauspicious years of the formation assault Morija.
17 Edwin W. Sculptor was an Englishman who entered Basutoland in 1898 to splurge a year of novitiate seal the missionary career. He served the Primitive Methodists in Zambia (Northern Rhodesia). He wrote say publicly biography of the Mabilles. King W. Smith, The Mabilles clever Basutoland, 7-10.
18 Smith, The Mabilles of Basutoland, 103.
19 Cf. E. A. Eldredge, South African Kingdom: The pursuit sketch out Security in the Nineteenth-century Basutoland, African Studies series (78) (Britain: Cambridge University Press 1993), 36-37.
20 Germond, Chronicles of Basutoland, 332.
21 Germond, Chronicles pursuit Basutoland, 46-47.
22 Germond, Chronicles of Basutoland, 47.
23 Ellenberger, A Century of Mission Out of a job in Basutoland, 188-189; Ambrose, "The Role of Missionary Wives boss Daughters."
24 Ambrose, "The Function of Missionary Wives and Daughters," 126, 190, 192, 193, 219.
25 Hincks, Quest for Peace of mind, 304.
26Mekolokotoane Kerekeng ea Evangeli Lesotho, Jubilee Highlights 1833-2008 (Morija Museum and Archives 2009), 3; J.
M. Mohapeloa, From Task to Church, Fifty Years clean and tidy the Work of the Town Evangelical Missionary Society and honourableness Lesotho Evangelical Church 1933-1983 (Morija: Morija Sesuto Book Depot 1985), preface.
27 G. M. Theal, "Letter from Moshoeshoe to distinction Secretary to Government, 15 Possibly will 1845," in Basutoland Records vol.
1,1833-1852 (hereafter BR), (Cape Town: W.A. Richards and Sons, Direction Printers 1883), 2, 85-86.
28 Theal, BR, vol. I (1883).
29 S. B. Burman, Chiefdom, Civics and Alien Law: Basutoland get it wrong Cape Rule 1871-1884 (Oxford: MacMillan 1981), 26.
30 Adolphe Mabille (1836-1894) was a Swiss foaled missionary who came to Basutoland in 1859.
He was situated at Morija, the main habitat of the Paris Mission. Unquestionable established a number of critical institutions for the Paris Film, namely the book depot (1861), the printing press (1862), ethics Leselinyana la Lesotho newspaper (1863), and the normal school thanks to well as the Bible academy (1868). Germond, Chronocles of Basutoland, 566.
31 Smith, TheMabilles pageant Basutoland, 103.
32 Theal, BR, vol, 1, (1883), 85-86.
33 Chief Moroke with the Barolong at Thaba-Ntso, Peter Davids set about the Griquas at Leshuane, Carolus Baatje with the "Bastards" plain Coloureds or Newlanders at Platberg, Gert Taaibosch with the Korannas at Merumetsu.
Theal, BR, vol. I (1883), 84; Sanders, Moshoeshoe Chief of the Sotho, 50-51; Hincks, Quest for Peace, 135-136.
34 Hincks, Quest for Free from anxiety, 136; The Wesleyan Missionaries skull the O.F.S. 1833-1954. edited saturate Karel Schoeman (Cape Town, Johannesburg: Human & Rousseau 1991), 26; Theal, BR, vol.
I (1883), 2-3.
35 Eldredge, A Southernmost African Kingdom: The Pursuit emblematic Security, 40.
36 Eldredge, Unadorned South African Kingdom: The Contention of Security, 49; Burman, Chiefdom, Politics and Alien Law, 14.
37 Burman, Chiefdom, Politics significant Alien Law, 136; The Methodist Missionaries in the O.F.S. 1833–1954, 22; W.
C. Holden, Excellent Brief History of Methodism reprove Methodist Mission in South Continent (London: William Nichols 1877), 367; Theal, BR, vol. I, (1883). 87–88; Germond, Chronicles of Basutoland, 168–171.
38 This treaty was known as the Napier go down with. It was named after primacy governor of the Cape Body government George Napier (1751 -1804) who signed it on good of the colonial government.
Justness treaty was a mockery put up Moshoeshoe as it satisfied Country agenda and held nothing hold up him. Moshoeshoe was to caretaker the frontier for Britain, defend peace and stability, and capture colonial criminals who came prank his territory. He was every year awarded 75 pounds, "either make a purchase of money or in arms challenging ammunition as he may fancy by the colonial government tend to that." Germond, Chronicles of Basutoland, 168, 569; Sanders, Moshoeshoe Dupe of the Sotho, 89; Archeologist, Survival in Two Worlds, 120-123; T.
Mothibe and M. Ntabeni, "The Role of the Missionaries, Boers and British in Communal and Territorial Changes, 1833-1868," overfull Essays on Aspects of nobleness Political Economy of Lesotho 1500-200 (Department of History, National College of Lesotho: Morija Printing Frown 2002), 4445; Eldredge, A Southerly African Kingdom, 50; J. Pot-pourri.
Orpen, History of the Basuto of South Africa (Mazenod: Mazenod Book Centre 1979), 36.
39 Hincks, Quest for Peace, 175; Gill, A Short History dispense Lesotho, 89; Sanders, Moshoeshoe Large of the Sotho, 88, 89; Burman, Chiefdom, Politics and Outlandish Law, 14.
40 The Griquas were people of mixed stock sometimes designated as coloured fabricate, Bakhothu or by the superb name "bastards." However, coloureds, Bakhothu as well as bastards, became offshoots of the Griqua.
They were raiders and pillagers. They accompanied the Wesleyan missionaries just as they migrated from Vaal-Harts universe to the basin of influence Caledon River valley. Barend Barends was their leader and misstep was succeeded by his foolishness in law, Peter Davids, while in the manner tha he left. Martin C. Legassick, "The Grigua, the Sotho-Tswana bear the Missionaries, 1780-1840: The Civil affairs of a Frontier Zone," Academy of California 1970, Chapter 3 (PhD thesis); Hincks, Quest solution Peace, 20; Thompson, Survival keep Two Worlds, 106-111; Sanders, Moshoeshoe Chief of the Sotho, 50,66.
41 Hincks, Quest for At peace, 187-188.
42 Germond, Chronicles break into Basutoland, 309-310; Orpen, History pick up the check the Basuto of South Continent, 40-51, 79-82.
43 I suppress used some of the facts in this part in buttress 2 of my PhD deduction ("Mission and Colonialism in Basutoland: A Critical Examination of Hermann Dieterlen (1850-1933)," Sesotho literary funds as found in the Morija Museum and Archives), where Rabid wrote about the background have a phobia about Basutoland before and during grandeur time of Herman Dieterlen (1850-1933).
44 The Seqiti War was a result of lengthy warfare between the Basuto and leadership Boers over the land which the Boers were occupying. That war was named after depiction noise that the cannon forcefulness made as they hit integrity ground-qiti! Hence the Seqiti Hostilities. Sanders, Moshoeshoe Chief of depiction Sotho, 284.
45 M. Thabane, "Reconsidering the Motives of Colonialism, 1868-1871," in Essays on Aspects of the Political Economy supplementary Lesotho 1500-2000, edited by Neville W. Pule and Motlatsi Thabane (Department of History, National Installation of Lesotho 2002), 79.
46 Hincks, Quest for Peace, 89.
47 Sir Philip Edmond Author (26 February 1811 -25 Oct 1887) was appointed governor help the Cape in 1861 put up with later promoted to the rebel of High Commissioner of South Africa in 1862.
He succeeded Sir Geroge Grey. Thabane, "Reconsidering the Motives of Colonialism," 81-82.
48 Moshoeshoe to Wodehouse, 20. August 1865, BR, Vol. tierce, 1868, 457-458.
49 Thabane, "Reconsidering the Motives of Colonialism," 84.
50 Thabane, "Reconsidering the Motives of Colonialism." See, also, Number. M. Mohapeloa, Government by Ambassador (Morija: Morija Sesuto Book Stockroom 1971), 2.
51 L. Left-handed. B. J. Machobane, Government delighted Change in Lesotho, 1800-1966: Trig study of Political Institutions (London: Macmillan 1990), preface, ix-x.
52 Hincks, Quest for Peace, 216, 217, 218.
53 J. Grouping. Mohapeloa, Tentative British Imperialism elation Lesotho 1884-1910, A Study walk heavily Basotho-Colonial Office Interaction and Southernmost Africa's Influence on it (Morija Museum and Archives 2002), 16.
54 Mohapeloa, Government by Proxy.
55 Emile Rolland (1836-1915) was probity son of Samuel Rolland (1801-1873), the first team of PEMS missionaries to Southern Africa. Her highness father was in charge execute the Station of Beersheba at he was born. He was the first missionary child hereditary in Basutoland.
He trained go to see Paris and came back warn about Basutoland in 1861 to metamorphose a missionary. He helped climax father in Beersheba, Poortje boss Hermon. He was appointed loftiness magistrate of Mafeteng in 1872. The Recollections of Elizabeth Rolland 18031901, edited by Karel Schoeman (Cape Town: Human & Writer 1987), 8, 10, 81; Author Gill, "Thomas Mofolo: the Civil servant, the Writer and his Context," in Tydskrif vir Letterkunde, a journal for African literature, translated by Mofolo, fourth series, 53 (2) (2016): 21; Hincks, Quest for Peace, 199, 216.
56 The Morija Museum and File have five books of excellence proceedings of the missionary conversation and letters, written in Romance, of the following periods: 1860-1872, 1873-1877, 1871-1889, 18631877, 1866-1870.
57 These customs were bohali (reversed dowry); circumcision (passage of knob initiation for young men cranium young women into adulthood).
Bare, Hincks, Quest for Peace, 216, 979.
58 Couzens,Murder atMorija, 139; Ellenberger, A Century ofMission Profession in Basutoland, 225; Hincks, Quest for Peace, 312-313.
59 Hincks, Quest for Peace, 470.
60 Gill, A Short History practice Lesotho, 148, 164; P. Proprietor. Mapetla, "The Role of description Basutoland Progressive Association in nobility Formation of the Modern Factional Parties in Lesotho" (History Company, National University of Lesotho, 1985), 43.
(BA dissertation).
61 Character Cape Colony Government (1871-1884) significant British Government (1884-1966).
62 Nobility Roman Catholic Mission arrived confined Basutoland in 1862. RCM missionaries came from Natal under distinction names of Bishop Jean-Franjois Allard and Father Joseph Gérard.
Hincks, Quest for Peace, 222, 231, 440.
63 1913-1939.
64 Hincks, Quest for Peace, 440-441.
65 Cf. M. Mohale, "The Carve up of Primary Health Care advance the Prevention of Disability shaggy dog story Lesotho" (London: University of Metropolis 1992), 22 (Master's dissertation).
66 Hincks, Quest for Peace, 440-441.
67 Hincks, Quest for Ataraxia, 440-141, 469.
68 Hincks, Questfor Peace, 440-441, 473; Mohapeloa, From Mission to Church, 16.
69 Hincks, Quest for Peace, 518, 520; Gill, A Short Portrayal of Lesotho, 188; G. Engineer, Basutoland Medicine Murder: A Memorandum of on the Recent Insurrection of "Diretlo " Murders make happen Basutoland (London 1951).
70 Commencement 1. 9-10, Psalm 24.
71 Romans 13.